Chapter 11 Vocabulary

Genetics- the scientific studies of heredity
http://www.genetics.org/
True-Breeding- term used to describe organisms that produce offsrping identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate


http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_T/dictionary_truebred_truebreeding.html

Trait- specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_(biological)


Hybrid- offspring of crosses between parents wih different traits


http://www.sky-brids.com/hybrid%20genetics.html



Gene- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and determines a trait



http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7092/full/441398a.html


Allele- one of a number of different forms of a gene


http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361-6-Ch2.htm


Segregation- seperation of alleles during gamete formation



http://www.ndsu.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel1.htm



Gamete- specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html Probability- likelihood that a particular event will occur

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

Punnet Square- diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/CURR/Science/sciber00/7th/genetics/sciber/punnett.htm

Homozygous- term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/homozygous.htm

Heterozygous- term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/heterozygous.htm

Phenotype- physical characteristics of an organism

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/genotype-phenotype/

Genotype- genetic makeup of an organism

http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Genotype

Homologous- term used to refer to an organism that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex partner

http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/homologous

Diploid- term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/haploid-diploid_sexual_reproduction.html

Review 10.1

1.Two reasons cells divide are (1) the larger the cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA and (2) the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.
2. A cell's DNA is like the books in a library because it stays the same. In a growing town, the library doesn't grow with it, it stays the same just like DNA in a cell--the DNA doesn't grow with the cell.
3. Cell division is the solution to the problems caused by cellular growth.
4. As a cell increases in size, the cell's volume increases more rapidly than its surface area.
5.Surface area=72cm squared. Volume=64cm cubed. Ratio=9:8

10.2 pg. 249

1. During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for cell division and divides to form 2 daughter cells, each of which then begins the cell cycle again.
2. Biologists divide the events of mitosis into 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
3. The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles.
4. Chromosomes are made up of DNA.
5.Prokayrotic cells divide during anaphase.
6.Cytokinesis takes place in an animal cell, the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts.

10.3 pg 252 review

1. Cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukarotic cells.
2. Cancer cells do not resond to the growth of most cells. As a result, they form masses of cells called tumors that can damage the surrounding tissue.
3.Chromosome damage builds up when cells respond to contact with other cells. 4. Cancer cells dont respond to the signals that would normally stop them dividing. Masses of cancer cells form tumors that can damage normal tissue. These cancer cells are from a cancer tumor in the large intestine.
5. If cyclin were incerted into a cell that was in mitosis, the timing would be all messed up.

Review pg.157 #s 1-10

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. B
9. D
10. D

Biology Words

Cell Division- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Chromatid- one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
Centromere- area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
Interphase- period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

Cell Cycle- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Mitosis- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Prophase- first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Centriole- one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Spindle- fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
Metaphase- second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase- the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs and separate and move toward opposite poles
Telophase- fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material

Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm during cell division
Cyclin- one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Cancer- disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

Theodor Schwann

I love the scientific studies of the

Biological process more commonly know by

teenagers as "BIO!" I also enjoy long walks on the

beach and beautiful candlelight dinners.

Dancing is my love, but honestly I

love Biology the most.